Question 1

What Is Liver Cirrhosis?

Accepted Answer

Liver cirrhosis is a late stage of liver disease where healthy liver tissues are replaced with scar tissues. Each time your liver is injured, it tries to repair itself. In the process of doing so, scar tissue forms. As more and more scar tissue forms, it makes it harder for the liver to function properly.

Question 2

What Causes Liver Cirrhosis?

Accepted Answer

Liver cirrhosis can be attributed to various factors, such as: (1) Viral Hepatitis B and C - Chronic infection with hepatitis B or C viruses can lead to liver inflammation and, over time, the development of cirrhosis. (2) NAFLD and NASH - Accumulation of fat in the liver can progress to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and eventually to cirrhosis. (3) Chronic Alcoholism - Prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption can cause liver inflammation, fibrosis, and ultimately cirrhosis, posing a substantial risk to liver health. (4) Genetic Disorders - Certain genetic conditions, such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease, can predispose one to liver cirrhosis due to impaired liver function. (5) Autoimmune Liver Diseases - Conditions such as autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis, cause the immune system to attack the liver, resulting in inflammation and scarring. (6) Chronic Bile Duct Disorders - Diseases affecting the bile ducts, such as biliary atresia or chronic bile duct obstruction, can lead to liver cirrhosis over time.

Question 3

Stages of Liver Disease

Accepted Answer

Liver disease progresses through several stages, each marked by specific changes in liver health and function. Stage 1: Steatosis - The initial stage is characterised by the inflammation of the bile duct or liver. Symptoms typically include abdominal discomfort. Symptoms and inflammation are generally treatable at this stage. However, if left untreated, this inflammation can lead to liver damage. Stage 2: Fibrosis - Liver disease is frequently identified during the second or third stage when symptoms become more apparent. At this point, scarring or inflammation begins to impede blood flow in the liver, affecting its function. However, with appropriate treatment, the liver retains the potential to recover. Stage 3: Cirrhosis - The third stage, known as cirrhosis, represents the advanced stage of liver disease, primarily resulting from untreated inflammation and scarring. Over time, healthy liver cells are replaced by scar tissue, leading to permanent scarring and hardening of the liver. As scar tissue accumulates, liver function diminishes, making blood flow through the liver difficult. Stage 4: Liver Failure or Advanced Liver Disease - The final stage signifies the end stage of the disease, where the liver loses its ability to function effectively. Prompt medical intervention is necessary at this stage to prevent fatalities and manage complications associated with liver failure.

Question 4

What Are the Symptoms of Early-Stage Liver Cirrhosis?

Accepted Answer

Persistent tiredness and weakness (fatigue), Nausea and vomiting, Loss of appetite and weight loss, A general feeling of discomfort or illness (malaise), Upper abdominal pain, Swelling in the abdomen, ankles, or legs, Red patches on the palms, and Small spider-like blood vessels on the skin (spider angiomas)

Question 5

What Are the Symptoms of Advanced Liver Cirrhosis?

Accepted Answer

Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), Swelling in the abdomen (ascites), Swollen legs (oedema), Dark-coloured urine and light-coloured or bloody stool, Vomiting blood, Motor dysfunction, Itchy skin without visible rash (pruritus), and Confusion, disorientation, or mood changes (encephalopathy)

Question 6

How Is Liver Cirrhosis Diagnosed?

Accepted Answer

Diagnosing liver cirrhosis usually includes the following: (1) Blood Tests - Blood tests play a crucial role in assessing liver function and identifying markers of liver injury, such as elevated liver enzymes, bilirubin levels, and abnormal clotting factors. (2) Imaging Tests - Imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI can help visualise changes in liver structure, detect the presence of nodules or masses, and assess the extent of liver fibrosis. (3) Liver Biopsy - A liver biopsy may be performed to obtain a tissue sample for microscopic examination, providing detailed information about the degree of fibrosis, inflammation, and any underlying liver disease. (4) Liver Stiffness Measurement (Transient Elastography) - This non-invasive technique measures liver stiffness, serving as an indirect marker of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, aiding in disease staging and treatment planning.

Question 7

How Is Liver Cirrhosis Treated?

Accepted Answer

Liver cirrhosis treatment involves a multifaceted approach aimed at addressing the underlying causes, managing complications, and preserving liver function. Treatment options include: (1) Lifestyle Modification - Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding harmful substances. (2) Alcohol Abuse Treatment - For individuals with alcohol-related cirrhosis, abstaining from alcohol is essential. (3) Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Treatment - Managing conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease involves lifestyle modifications, weight management, and controlling associated risk factors like diabetes and high cholesterol. (4) Hepatitis Treatment - Treating viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C) with antiviral medications can help prevent liver damage. (5) Liver Transplantation - In advanced cases of cirrhosis where liver function is severely compromised, liver transplantation may be considered to replace the diseased liver with a healthy donor organ.

Question 8

Can Liver Cirrhosis Be Prevented?

Accepted Answer

While some causes of liver cirrhosis are not entirely preventable, adopting a healthy lifestyle can help. These include: (1) Limit Alcohol Consumption - Excessive alcohol consumption is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis. Limiting alcohol intake or abstaining entirely can prevent liver damage and cirrhosis. (2) Maintain a Healthy Diet - Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can help maintain liver health and prevent conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can progress to cirrhosis. (3) Manage Chronic Conditions - Conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and hepatitis B and C can increase the risk of liver cirrhosis. Proper management of these conditions through medication, lifestyle changes, and regular medical care can reduce the risk of cirrhosis. (4) Protect Yourself From Hepatitis - Practising safe sex by using condoms and avoiding sharing needles can reduce the risk of contracting certain types of hepatitis. (5) Get Vaccinated - Vaccination against hepatitis B can prevent infection and the resulting liver damage. (6) Regular Medical Check-ups - Regular monitoring of your liver health can help detect any early signs of liver damage or disease for prompt intervention before it progresses into cirrhosis.

Question 9

Can liver scarring (cirrhosis) be reversed?

Accepted Answer

Generally, liver cirrhosis is not reversible. However, early intervention and treatment can help prevent its progression and manage associated complications effectively.

Question 10

What happens if liver cirrhosis is left untreated?

Accepted Answer

Liver cirrhosis is a progressive condition that worsens over time. Without treatment, it can progress to advanced stages. Ultimately, this may lead to liver failure, which can be fatal. Thus, it is important to seek medical attention for timely intervention and prevent complications.

Liver Cirrhosis